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References
Wardlaw’s Perspectives in Nutrition: A Functional Approach 2nd Edition
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This label looks like it’s showing how much energy you’d get from eating this oatmeal, right? It’s not. Food energy is measured in calories using a bomb calorimeter, which ignites food to measure heat. A Calorie is the amount of energy required to raise 1 kilogram of water by one degree. The oatmeal may contain those calories, but not all those calories are available to you. Humans can only access energy if they have the enzymes required to break apart nutrients. You have enzymes to break down sugar and starch, but not fiber. The bomb calorimeter measured calories from fiber, but these fiber calories aren’t available to you, at least not without help from the trillions of microbes in your microbiome. Some types of microbes have the enzymes to break down fiber. But everyone has a different combo of microbes in their gut, so everyone gets a different amount of energy out of their food. Eating a diversity of fiber-rich fruits, veggies, whole grains, and beans will nourish your fiber-loving microbes who in turn nourish you. How many calories will you get from this oatmeal? Ask your microbes.

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