January 7 – The Virginia General Assembly adopts the Report of 1800, a resolution drafted by James Madison arguing for the sovereignty of the individual states under the United States Constitution and against the Alien and Sedition Acts.
April – Voting begins in the 1800 United States presidential election; it will last until October. The result is not announced until February 1801.
April 24 – The U.S. Library of Congress is founded.
May 7 – Indiana Territory is formed by an Act of Congress as the first new territory created from the lands of the Northwest Territory.
May 21 – President John Adams issues general amnesty for the Pennsylvania Dutch farmers who participated in Fries's Rebellion.
July 4 – Indiana Territory is effective.
July 10 – Connecticut cedes its Western Reserve (an area in present-day northeastern Ohio) to the federal government, which adds it to the Northwest Territory.
August 4 – The 2nd United States Census is conducted. It finds 5,308,483 people living in the U.S. of which 893,602 are slaves.
August 30 – Gabriel Prosser's slave revolt in Richmond, Virginia is postponed due to weather. Word of his plan reaches Virginia's governor, James Monroe, who calls in the state militia. Gabriel is later captured and hanged on October 10 along with 23 other slaves.
September 30 – The Convention of 1800, or Treaty of Mortefontaine, is signed between France and the United States of America, ending the Quasi-War.
October 1 – In the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso, Spain returns Louisiana to France.
November 1
U.S. President John Adams becomes the first President of the United States to live in the Executive Mansion (later renamed the White House).
Middlebury College is granted its charter by the Vermont General Assembly.
November 17 – The U.S. Congress holds its first Washington, D.C. session.
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