The deep ocean starts at around 200 meters below the surface, where sunlight no longer penetrates.
Less than 20% of the deep ocean has been explored by humans, making it one of Earth’s last frontiers.
The Mariana Trench, the deepest part of the ocean, reaches a depth of 11,000 meters (36,000 feet).
Creatures living in the deep ocean have adapted to extreme pressure, cold, and darkness, often with bioluminescence or unique feeding strategies.
Hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor release superheated, mineral-rich water, supporting ecosystems without sunlight.
The discovery of the “deep scattering layer” revealed that millions of small marine animals, like squid and fish, migrate up and down the water column daily.
Gigantism is common in deep-sea species, such as giant squids and giant isopods, thought to be a result of environmental factors like cold temperatures and low metabolism.
The Titanic wreck sits about 3,800 meters below the surface, providing insights into deep-sea ecosystems as marine life colonizes the site.
Submersibles, such as Alvin and the deep-sea rover ROVs, allow scientists to explore and study these extreme environments.
Some species, like the anglerfish, have developed unusual hunting mechanisms, such as bioluminescent lures to attract prey in the darkness.
“Marine snow” is a constant shower of organic material falling from upper waters, providing a primary food source for many deep-sea organisms.
Deep-sea mining for minerals is becoming a controversial topic due to potential environmental damage.
The deep ocean is a critical part of Earth’s carbon cycle, helping regulate atmospheric carbon dioxide.

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