The Buk (beech) air defense missile system was developed to replace the previous Kub. Its industrial designation is 9K37. Its reporting name in the West is SA-11 or Gadfly. Development of this system commenced in 1972. It was a successor to the Kub-M3. It entered service with the Soviet Army in 1980. The Buk has been exported to a number of countries. After collapse of the Soviet Union a number of air defense systems were passed on to successor states. Currently Russia operates around 350 of these systems. Other operators are Azerbaijan, Belarus, Cyprus, Egypt, Finland, Georgia, India, North Korea, Ukraine, Syria, Vietnam and Venezuela.

This air defense system can defeat maneuvering aircraft and helicopters flying at low or high altitude when enemy uses electronic countermeasures. Newer versions of the Buk can also engage ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, anti-radiation missiles, smart bombs and unmanned aerial vehicles.

The Buk fires 9M38 missiles. It is a single-stage and solid-fuel missile. It resembles a US Tartar and Standard naval air defense missiles. The missile has semi-active radar guidance. It can engage targets at a range of 3.4-20.5 km at altitudes over 3 km. The range is reduced to 5-15.4 km, when the target flies 30 m above the ground. Maximum engagement altitude is 25 km. The 9M38 missile has a hit probability of 70-93%. The Buk can also fire older 9M9M3 missiles of the Kub-M3 air defense missile system.

A Buk TELAR vehicle is fitted with radar, digital computer, missile erector and launcher, friend or foe identification system. It is operated by a crew of four and carries four missiles.

Radar of the Buk TELAR vehicle searches for targets, tracks them and guides missiles on them. So if required each TELAR vehicle can operate autonomously. The radar detects aircraft flying at altitude over 3 km at a range of 65-77 km. Detection range is reduced to 32-41 km when aircraft fly at 30-100 m above the ground. Low-flying aircraft are detected at a range of 21-35 km.

When TELAR operates autonomously it takes about 24-27 seconds from target detection to missile launch. It can stop and launch its missiles in about 5 minutes from traveling. It also takes about 5 minutes to leave the firing position.

A TELAR vehicle is based on GM-569 special tracked chassis. It is powered by a multi-fuel diesel engine, developing 710 hp. Later models are fitted with a more powerful engine, developing 840 hp. Maximum road speed is limited to 65 km/h. Vehicle is also fitted with auxiliary power unit, a small gas turbine, which generates electricity and powers all systems when the main engine is turned off.

Armor provides protection for the crew against small arms fire and artillery shell splinters. Vehicle is also fitted with NBC protection system.

A battery of Buk includes six TELAR vehicles, six reloading vehicles, that can also launch missiles, battery command post vehicle, acquisition radar with detection range up to 120 km, repair and technical service vehicles, transporter vehicle, mobile crane.

A reloading vehicle is fitted with a crane and carries 8 missiles. Essentially it is a combination of the TEL and reloading vehicle. A unique capability of this vehicle that it can launch missiles itself. It acquires firing data from the TELAR vehicle. A total of 4 missiles are ready to fire, while another 4 are carried as reloads. This reloading vehicle reloads the TELAR within 12 minutes.

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The 'BUK' Anti-Aircraft Missile System | EQUIPMENT OVERVIEW

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