The call by Emperor Heraclius for the Christian tribes of Arabia to support his army against the Muslims occurred after the Battle of Mu'tah in 629 CE. The Byzantines were concerned about the growing strength and territorial expansion of the Muslims, and saw the need to gather a large force to counter their threat.
Heraclius called upon the Ghassanids and the Banu Lakhm, two prominent Christian tribes of Arabia, to provide troops for his army. These tribes were traditional allies of the Byzantines and had fought alongside them in previous battles. However, the Christian tribes were hesitant to commit to fighting against the Muslims.
The Ghassanids were particularly reluctant to join the Byzantines. Their leader, Jabalah ibn al-Aiham, was a shrewd and pragmatic ruler who saw the potential benefits of forging an alliance with the Muslims. He may have initially agreed to support the Byzantines but ultimately changed his mind and chose to join the Muslims.
Other accounts suggest that the Banu Lakhm also refused to join the Byzantine army, as they were concerned about the power dynamics between the Byzantines and the Sassanid Empire, which had recently been weakened by the Muslim conquests. The Banu Lakhm were ultimately more inclined to support the Sassanids, who were their traditional allies.
Despite the reluctance of the Christian tribes to join the Byzantines, Heraclius was able to gather a large force of Byzantine soldiers and other allied troops. However, they were ultimately unable to stop the Muslim expansion, as the Muslims continued to gain territory and influence in the region, ultimately leading to the establishment of the Islamic Caliphate.
The strategic planning of Hazrat Umar RA, the second caliph of Islam, during the Battle of Homs in 638 CE was critical in ensuring the success of the Muslim army.
When the Muslim commander Ubaida ibn al-Jarrah was seriously wounded and subsequently died, the Muslim forces became demoralized and began to lose ground in the battle. Hazrat Umar RA, who was the caliph at the time, recognized the importance of quickly stabilizing the situation and preventing further losses.
He immediately dispatched reinforcements to Homs, under the leadership of Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, the brother of Ubaida, to take command of the Muslim forces. Abu Ubaidah was a respected and capable military leader, and his appointment helped to restore order and morale among the Muslim troops.
Hazrat Umar RA also instructed Abu Ubaidah to continue the battle, despite the loss of his brother, and to fight strategically, using the terrain and weather conditions to his advantage. Abu Ubaidah followed these instructions, and his tactics helped to turn the tide of the battle in favor of the Muslims.
Additionally, Hazrat Umar RA recognized the importance of maintaining a strong and united Muslim army, and he had established a system of governance and administration that ensured effective communication and coordination between the various Muslim armies in the region. This system enabled the Muslim armies to work together and support each other in times of need, as was the case during the Battle of Homs.
Overall, Hazrat Umar RA's strategic planning and leadership during the Battle of Homs helped to secure a critical victory for the Muslim forces and played a key role in the ongoing campaign against the Byzantine Empire in Syria.
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