Hi, it’s Katrina! From open-pit mines that astronauts can see from space to trying to journey to the center of the Earth, here are 10 of the world’s deepest and largest holes.

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10. Kalgoorlie Super Pit
Commonly known as the “Super Pit,” the Fimiston Open Pit in western Australia is the world’s second-largest open-cut gold mine, and was surpassed only as recently as 2016. It’s so massive, it’s visible from space. The canyon-sized pit is 2.17 miles (3.5 km) long, 0.93 miles (1.5 km) wide, and over 1,969 feet (600 meters) deep.

9. BEAMISH
Early last year, scientists drilled the deepest hole ever made in western Antarctica in a British Antarctic Survey-monitored project called Bed Access, Monitoring, and Ice Sheet History, or BEAMISH.

8. Chikyu
In 2019, engineers aboard the specialized Japanese drillship Chikyu drilled over two miles (3,219 meters) into the ocean floor where the Philippine Sea Plate slides beneath the Eurasian Plate, causing deadly earthquakes every 100-150 years. Why were they drilling there? Learning what’s beneath the Earth’s surface can lead to incredible scientific discoveries, including a better understanding of our changing planet, and can also lead fortune-seekers to highly profitable and in-demand raw materials.

7. KTB Borehole
It took 8 years to make this hole! German scientists carried out the German Continental Deep Drilling Programme, or the KTB borehole for short, in northern Bavaria from 1987 to 1995. They drilled to just under 30,000 feet (9,144 meters) -- nearly six miles (9.7 km) -- into the Earth, surpassing seismic plates and hitting temperatures of 600 degrees Fahrenheit (315.6 Celsius).

6. Deepwater Horizon
In 2009, the British Petroleum (BP)-owned offshore drilling rig Deepwater Horizon drilled a borehole that reached a vertical depth of 35,050 feet (10,683 meters), or about five miles (8 km), setting a world record for the deepest oil well ever.

5. Z-44 Chayvo Well
Over the course of just two months in 2011, Exxon Neftegas (a Russian subsidiary of ExxonMobil) drilled the Odoptu OP-11 well at the Odoptu oil field in the waters off Russia’s Far East, roughly 5-7 miles (8-11 km) northeast of Sakhalin Island. The endeavor was part of the Sakhalin-1 project, which is run by a consortium of oil companies and affiliates from Russia, India, and Japan and consists of three offshore oil fields, which have yielded hundreds of millions of barrels of oil for export thus far.

4. Chuquicamata Copper Mine
Chuquicamata Copper Mine in Northern Chile claims the world title when it comes to measuring size in terms of excavated volume -- in other words, the amount of material dug out. About 300 billion cubic feet (nearly 8.5 billion cubic meters) of material has been removed from the pit over the years.

3. Kola Superdeep Borehole
At a depth of 40,230 feet (12,262 meters), the Kola Superdeep Borehole is one of the world’s deepest man-made holes, and for several years, it held the number one spot. Although the hole is only nine inches (23 cm) in diameter, it reaches a little over seven-and-a-half miles (12.2 km) below the Earth’s surface -- deeper than the Challenger Deep trench in the Pacific Ocean, which is the world’s lowest-known natural point.

2. Lake Vostok
I told you about western Antarctica but drilling the deepest-ever hole in eastern Antarctica involved a far lengthier undertaking than the BEAMISH project. On January 10, 2013, after 20 years of drilling and reaching a depth of 11,175 feet (3,406 meters), a Russian research team reached the freshly frozen surface of Lake Vostok, the largest of Antarctica’s 400 ancient subglacial lakes.

1. Bingham Canyon Mine
Also known as Kennecott Copper Mine, the Bingham Canyon Mine is an open-pit copper mining operation located in Herriman, Utah, southwest of Salt Lake City, and owned by the British-Australian Rio Tinto group. It’s the world’s largest human-made excavation and open-pit mine and has produced more refined copper than any other mine, to the tune of over 20 million tons.

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