Hindustani, often referred to as Hindustani classical music, encompasses two main traditions of Indian classical music: North Indian classical music (Hindustani) and South Indian classical music (Carnatic). Hindustani music is traditionally performed in the northern regions of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal. It evolved from the ancient Vedic chants and the medieval era's musical traditions, influenced by Persian and Mughal cultural practices.

Here are key features of Hindustani classical music:

1. **Raga and Tala**: The music is structured around ragas (melodic frameworks) and talas (rhythmic cycles). Each raga has a specific set of rules governing the notes and their sequences, evoking different moods and emotions. Talas are intricate rhythmic patterns that dictate the tempo and beat cycle of the music.

2. **Instruments**: Common instruments include the sitar, tabla, sarod, harmonium, and tanpura, among others. Each instrument plays a distinct role, contributing to the overall texture of the music.

3. **Vocal Music**: Hindustani classical vocal music is rich and diverse, featuring genres such as Khayal, Dhrupad, Thumri, and Ghazal. Vocalists often perform elaborate improvisations within the framework of a raga.

4. **Improvisation**: A significant aspect of Hindustani music is the artist's ability to improvise within the structure of a raga, showcasing their creativity and skill. This improvisation is both melodic and rhythmic.

5. **Performance Structure**: Traditional performances are often divided into different sections, such as the Alap (slow, unmetered introduction), Jor (introduction of rhythm), Jhala (fast-paced section), and Gat or Bandish (fixed composition).

6. **Gharanas**: Hindustani music has various gharanas (schools or styles) that have distinct characteristics and approaches to performance. Each gharana has its lineage of musicians and unique stylistic nuances.

Hindustani classical music is deeply rooted in Indian culture and spirituality, often performed at festivals, temples, and classical music concerts. It requires years of rigorous training and practice, often passed down through generations via the guru-shishya (teacher-student) tradition.
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