An explanation of how the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, glutamate, works at the level of synapses (glutamate pathway) and how it helps the brain form memories.
!! CORRECTION: I stated that about 15-20% of synapses in the brain use glutamate, and I got that information from the textbook by Banich and Compton (2018) below. However, after looking into it further, it seems that glutamate is used at many more synapses, with estimates ranging from 40 to 90%. I'm not sure why there are such large deviations on this estimate. My apologies for any confusion!! See this video where I correct the number: [ Ссылка ]
If you want shorter, less technical explanations of this topic, check out my other videos:
Level 1 (30 seconds): [ Ссылка ]
Level 2 (16 mins): [ Ссылка ]
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Chapters:
00:00 When you form a new memory, neurons change the strength of synapses.
00:58 Me, this intro to neuro series, and this channel. Please subscribe!
04:11 Types of neurotransmitters
06:10 What is glutamate? How widespread in the brain is it?
07:18 Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter
08:43 Types of glutamate receptors
09:04 How glutamate does its thing
10:15 Ionotropic Glutamate receptors mechanism
12:13 Metabotropic glutamate receptor mechanism
13:13 A difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors
14:23 How glutamate can strengthen synapses
15:40 AMPA receptors' role in synaptic plasticity
16:30 NMDA receptors' role in synaptic plasticity
17:36 Vesicles carry neurotransmitters to dendritic membrane
19:40 Learning and memory involve A LOT more than just glutamate
22:30 Do you have any suggestions for videos? Let me know!
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Sources and Recommended Readings:
Kandel, E. R., Koester, J. D., Mack, S. H., & Siegelbaum, S. A. (2021). 13 Synaptic Integration in the Central Nervous System. In Principles of neural science (6th ed., pp. 277–287). essay, McGraw-Hill.
Banich, M. T., & Compton, R. J. (2018). Cognitive neuroscience. Chapter 1: Introduction to the Nervous system. Cambridge University Press.
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Music:
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Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License
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