At the beginning of 2020, the world held its collective breath as a nearby behemoth star, called Betelgeuse, start to dramatically fade. Could this mean the star is about to go supernova? With the recent flutter of news activity settling down, we are now finally starting to understand what might have really happened. Today, we take a deep dive into what makes massive stars like this tick, and then get into how we might have now finally come up with answers to this bizarre event.
An educational video written and presented by Prof. David Kipping.
You can now support our research and the Cool Worlds Lab at Columbia University: [ Ссылка ]
Chapters
0:00 Teaser
0:53 Massive Stars
7:07 Dying Massive Stars
12:47 Dimming 2020
17:36 Explaining the Dimming
References
► Fuller, J. & Ro, S., 2018, "Pre-supernova outbursts via wave heating in massive stars - II. Hydrogen-poor stars", MNRAS 476, 1853: [ Ссылка ]
► Dimming plots come from @betelbot ([ Ссылка ]) Twitter account run by Michael Hippke, which collates AAVSO data.
► Gerhz, R. et al., 2020, "Betelgeuse remains steadfast in the infrared", Astronomer's Telegram #13518: [ Ссылка ]
► Sukhbold, T. & Adams, A., 2019, "Missing Red Supergiants and Carbon Burning", MNRAS 492, 2578: [ Ссылка ]
► Dolan, M. et al. 2020, "Evolutionary tracks for Betelgeuse", ApJ 819, 7: [ Ссылка ]
► Adams, S. et al., 2017, "The search for failed supernovae with the Large Binocular Telescope: confirmation of a disappearing star", MNRAS 468, 4968: [ Ссылка ]
► Levesque, E. & Massey, P., 2020, "Betelgeuse Just Isn't That Cool: Effective Temperature Alone Cannot Explain the Recent Dimming of Betelgeuse", arXiv preprint: [ Ссылка ]
Videos used:
► Simulation of forming protostars by Matthew Bate, The UK Astrophysics Fluid Facility, University of Leicester: [ Ссылка ]
► Planet formation animation by Zhaohuan Zhu, Princeton: [ Ссылка ]
► Animation of a white dwarf by VideoFromSpace: [ Ссылка ]
► Core collapse supernova animation by Kuo-Chuan Pan: [ Ссылка ]
► Animation of the Sun becoming a giant, credit ESA/Hubble (M. Kornmesser & L. L. Christensen): [ Ссылка ]
► Animation of a giant star, credit ESO/M. Kornmesser [ Ссылка ]
► Supernova animation, credit NASA/CXC/A.Hobart: [ Ссылка ]
► Neutron star collapsing animation, credit NASA/CXC/A.Hobart: [ Ссылка ]
► Sunspsot rotating into view video by NASA/SDO: [ Ссылка ]
► Hot iron video by Aaron Walsh, "Iron Born - An Artist Blacksmith": [ Ссылка ]
► KDIST grabulation video courtesy of NSO/NSF/AURA: [ Ссылка ]
► Betelgeuse convection animations by Bernd Freytag: [ Ссылка ]
► Betelgeuse convection animation downgrade by Brendan Drachler
(@BrendanDrachler): [ Ссылка ]
► Coronal mass ejection video from NASA/SDO: [ Ссылка ]
► "What will it look like when Betelgeuse Goes Supernova" by V101 Science: [ Ссылка ]
► ESO dome supernova animation 2 and 3: [ Ссылка ] and
[ Ссылка ]
► Sun forming animation by Bob Stanford: [ Ссылка ]
Images used:
► Interferometric images by NASA/ESO/M. Montarges et al.
► HD 12545 images by K.Strassmeier, Vienna, NOAO/AURA/NSF: [ Ссылка ]
► Betelgeuse dust wave/bow shocock image courtesy of ESA/Herschel/PACS/L. Decin: [ Ссылка ]
► Thumbnail image is an artist's impression of NGC 1068, credit to NRAO/AUI/NSF, D. Berry/Skyworks: [ Ссылка ]
TV/Movie clips used:
► Sunshine (2007) Fox Searchlight Pictures
► How the Universe Works (2018) Pioneer Productions
All music used is licensed by SoundStripe.com/Creative Commons:
► Cylinder Seven, Cylinder Five & Cylinder Two ([ Ссылка ]) by Chris Zabriskie; licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license ([ Ссылка ])
► "Waking Up" by Atlas, licensed through SoundStripe.com: [ Ссылка ]
► Music from Neptune Flux, "Stories About the World That Once Was" by Chris Zabriskie ([ Ссылка ]); licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license
► "Selha" by Stephen Keech, licensed through SoundStripe.com: [ Ссылка ]
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