Bologna :
Bononia ) is a city in and the capital of the Emilia-Romagna region in Northern Italy , of which it is also its largest. It is the seventh most populous city in Italy, with about 400,000 inhabitants and 150 different nationalities. Its metropolitan area is home to more than 1,000,000 people. It is known as the Fat City for its rich cuisine, and the Red City for its red tiled rooftops and, more recently, its leftist politics. It is also called the Learned City because it is home to the oldest university in the world .
Originally Etruscan , the city has been an important urban center for centuries, first under the Etruscans (who called it Felsina ), then under the Celts as Bona , later under the Romans ( Bonōnia ), then again in the Middle Ages , as a free municipality and later signoria , when it was among the largest European cities by population . Famous for its towers, churches and lengthy porticoes , Bologna has a well-preserved historical centre, thanks to a careful restoration and conservation policy which began at the end of the 1970s. Home to the oldest university in continuous operation , the University of Bologna , established in AD 1088, the city has a large student population that gives it a cosmopolitan character. In 2000 it was declared European capital of culture and in 2006, a UNESCO "City of Music" and became part of the Creative Cities Network . In 2021 UNESCO recognized the lengthy porticoes of the city as a World Heritage Site .
Bologna is an important agricultural, industrial, financial and transport hub, where many large mechanical, electronic and food companies have their headquarters as well as one of the largest permanent trade fairs in Europe. According to recent data gathered by the European Regional Economic Growth Index (E-REGI) of 2009, Bologna is the first Italian city and the 47th European city in terms of its economic growth rate; in 2022 Il Sole 24 Ore named Bologna the best city in Italy for overall quality of life.
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Park of Montagnola :
The Park of Montagnola is a public park in Bologna, Italy; it owes the original construction (1805) to Napoleonic rule, who commissioned the park design from Giovanni Battista Martinetti.
Concrete sculpture of a lion by Diego Sarti, late 19th century. Photo by Paolo Monti.
The base of the park contains the ruins of the 14th-century Castello di Galliera, which then leads to a scenographic staircase (1893-1896), designed by Tito Azzolini and Attilio Muggia. The stairs are decorated by sculptural reliefs and statues inspired by the history of Bologna, completed by the Arturo Orsoni, Pietro Veronesi, Tullo Golfarelli, Ettore Sabbioni, and Arturo Colombarini. The parks central basin was completed for the Exposition of the Province of Emilia in 1888, by design of Diego Sarti.
The park was also the site of the "Battle of Montagnola" on 8 August 1848, in which Italian revolutionaries from Bologna defeated and temporarily expelled the Austrians.
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Arriving in Bologna by train, it’s hard not to notice the impressive white staircase near the railway station leading up a small hill. Also the curious might wonder why there is a hill here when the rest if the old city is substantially flat with just a few slight rises.
In fact, the Montagnola, which roughly translates as small hill or mound, is artificial. It was built up from the gradual accumulation of rubbish from medieval times. Later, spoil removed from building sites was dumped here.
In 1662 the hill, which by then had been building up for centuries, was levelled and mulberry trees were planted. It became a public place for strolling, theatre and games. The current layout dates from the early 1800s when Napoleon ordered it to be redesigned in the French style. The large plane trees were planted at this time.
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