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The Dirty War refers to Argentina’s military government’s suppression of left-wing and perceived communist elements during the mid-1970s to the early 1980s. The “Dirty” in its name refers to the violent, illicit methods used by the military to carry out the campaign. These “dirty” methods included summary executions, extrajudicial arrests and detentions, tortures, abductions, and rapes. The military justified these methods on the grounds that their enemies were using terrorism and other underhanded actions on the civilian population and even against the government itself. The authorities also declared that drastic measures were needed as the country was falling into anarchy, a claim that was rejected by the political opposition. However, what is undisputed was the presence of widespread violence and considerable tensions leading up to the Dirty War.
Timeline:
1940s to 1950s - The origin of the Dirty War can be traced back to Juan Peron, Argentina’s extremely popular president and his politics of Peronism
1955 - President Peron is deposed in a military coup; Argentina then comes under military rule
Late 1960s - The remaining Peronist movements give way to various radical and communist armed groups that had sprung up as a result of Fidel Castro’s communist victory in Cuba and the spread of Marxist ideology across Latin America
Early 1970s - Argentinean insurgents carry out attacks against civilian and military targets
May 1973 - A left-wing Peronist political party is elected following the military’s lifting the ban on Peronism because of the increasing civil unrest and an ailing economy
June 1973 - Ex-President Peron returns to Argentina
June 20, 1973 – the Ezeiza Massacre is perpetrated, Peron’s armed right-wing supporters fire on left-wing Peronists, killing 13 people and wounding over 300 others; the incident results in a fatal split in Peronism
October 1973 - Peron becomes president for the third time after winning the presidential race held in September 1973
May 1974 - President Peron casts his lot with his right-wing supporters and forms a government comprising the bureaucratic elite; he purges his government and political party of left-leaning politicians
June 1, 1974 - President Peron unexpectedly passes away; the presidency is succeeded by the politically inexperienced Isabel Peron, Juan Peron’s wife
1974 - 1976 – Isabel Peron is relegated to a figurehead president because of constant meddling of high-ranking government and military leaders; the military’s growing influence plunges the country deeper into the Dirty War; earlier, extremist right-wing politicians had organized the “Argentine Anti-Communist Alliance” or “Triple A”, a clandestine state-run “death squad” targeting leftist elements; Argentinean communists also militarize, attacking private businesses and police stations and army outposts
1975 - Communist rebels capture a third section of Tucuman Province in the northwest region; in response, the government issues the so-called “Annihilation Decrees” (on October 6, 1975), authorizing the military to crush the insurgency
March 24, 1976 - Isabel Peron is deposed in a military coup
1977 – The leftist insurgency is crushed by the military
April 1982 – Argentinean forces invade the Falkland Islands; the British soon retake the islands, which leads to the downfall of Argentina’s military regime and transition to civilian rule
October 1983 – General elections are held and a civilian government takes office in December 1983
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