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00:03:48 1 Classification
00:03:57 1.1 Types of powertrain
00:05:56 1.2 Types by degree of hybridization
00:08:54 1.3 Plug-in hybrids (PHEVs)
00:11:02 1.4 Flex-fuel hybrid
00:11:47 2 History
00:11:56 2.1 Early days
00:17:23 2.2 Predecessors of present technology
00:23:31 2.3 Modern hybrids
00:29:44 2.4 Latest developments
00:37:37 3 Sales and rankings
00:43:34 3.1 Annual sales in top markets
00:43:44 3.2 Japanese market
00:52:08 3.3 American market
00:55:03 3.4 European market
01:09:43 4 Technology
01:10:50 4.1 Engines and fuel sources
01:11:00 4.1.1 Fossil fuels
01:16:19 4.1.2 Biofuels
01:17:27 4.2 Electric machines
01:19:38 4.3 Design considerations
01:20:35 4.4 Conversion kits
01:20:54 5 Environmental impact
01:21:04 5.1 Fuel consumption
01:23:00 5.2 Noise
01:26:49 5.3 Pollution
01:27:35 5.4 Top ten EPA-rated hybrids
01:28:16 6 Vehicle types
01:28:26 6.1 Motorcycles
01:30:16 6.2 Automobiles and light trucks
01:30:26 6.3 High-performance cars
01:31:16 6.4 Formula 1
01:31:54 6.5 Taxis
01:33:13 6.6 Buses
01:34:31 6.7 Trucks
01:37:04 6.8 Military vehicles
01:37:52 6.9 Locomotives
01:38:52 6.10 Marine and other aquatic
01:39:26 6.11 Aircraft
01:41:04 7 Hybrid premium and showroom cost parity
01:44:07 8 Raw materials shortage
01:45:00 9 Legislation and incentives
01:45:20 9.1 Canada
01:46:33 9.2 Israel
01:46:57 9.3 Japan
01:47:31 9.4 Jordan
01:48:08 9.5 Malaysia
01:49:20 9.6 Netherlands
01:49:42 9.7 New Zealand
01:50:06 9.8 Republic of Ireland
01:50:43 9.9 Sweden
01:51:14 9.10 United Kingdom
01:52:05 9.11 United States
01:52:14 9.11.1 Federal
01:53:19 9.11.2 States and local
01:55:39 10 See also



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- Socrates


SUMMARY
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A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle that combines a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) system with an electric propulsion system (hybrid vehicle drivetrain). The presence of the electric powertrain is intended to achieve either better fuel economy than a conventional vehicle or better performance. There is a variety of HEV types, and the degree to which each functions as an electric vehicle (EV) also varies. The most common form of HEV is the hybrid electric car, although hybrid electric trucks (pickups and tractors) and buses also exist.
Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-improving technologies such as regenerative brakes which convert the vehicle's kinetic energy to electric energy, which is stored in a battery or supercapacitor. Some varieties of HEV use their internal combustion engine to generate electricity by spinning an electrical generator to either recharge their batteries or to directly power the electric drive motors; this combination is known as a motor–generator. Many HEVs reduce idle emissions by shutting down the engine at idle and restarting it when needed; this is known as a start-stop system. A hybrid-electric produces less tailpipe emissions than a comparably sized gasoline car, since the hybrid gasoline engine is usually smaller than a comparably sized, pure gasoline-powered vehicle and if not used to directly drive the car, can be geared to run at maximum efficiency, further improving fuel economy.
Although Ferdinand Porsche developed the Lohner-Porsche in 1901, hybrid electric vehicles did not become widely available until the release of the Toyota Prius in Japan in 1997, followed by the Honda Insight in 1999. While initially perceived as unnecessary due to the low cost of gasoline, worldwide increases in the price of petroleum caused many automakers to release hybrids in the late 2000s; they are now perceived as a core segment of the automotive market of the future.As of January 2017, over 12 million hybrid electric vehicles have been sold worldwide since their inception in 1997. Japan has the world's largest hyb ...

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