Nuclear submarines are a crucial component of modern naval warfare, providing the ability to project power and deter aggression from beneath the waves. Nuclear submarines can run even more quietly, at very low speeds only, by turning off active reactor cooling during silent running. Their extended submerged endurance is a key element of their strategic value, allowing them to operate undetected for prolonged periods and strike with precision at their intended targets. Nuclear power allowed submarines to run for about twenty years without needing to refuel. Food supplies became the only limit on a nuclear submarine's time at sea. Since then, similar technologies have been developed to power aircraft carriers. The exact submerged endurance of a nuclear submarine varies depending on its specific design and class. For instance, the United States Navy's Ohio-class submarines boast an impressive submerged endurance of over 90 days, while the United Kingdom's Vanguard-class submarines can operate underwater for upwards of 70 days.
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