A karyotype is performed by taking a sample of Blood and culturing the cells. Then, stopping cell division at metaphase with colchicine and staining it.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization is useful for direct visualization of genes of chromosomes. It makes it easy to see chromosomal abnormalities such as trisomy, sex chromosome abnormalities, microdeletions, translocations, and duplications.
Molecular cloning is used to insert genes into bacteria so they can produce the product of interest such as insulin (which is how insulin is made for diabetes patients). It involves mRNA conversion into DNA via reverse transcriptase, followed by inserting the gene with an antibiotic resistance into a plasmid that the bacteria can take up. The bacteria is grown on an antibiotic medium so that those colonies that survive also contain the gene of interest.
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