Content:
Introduction 0:00
Small Intestine Overview: 00:32
Caecum: 01:44
Appendix: 03:10
Ascending Colon: 5:33
Transverse Colon: 6:45
Descending Colon: 9:52
Sigmoid Colon: 11:33
Rectum: 12:26
Layers of Large Intestinal Wall: 13:54

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Large Intestine Overview:
- Intestinum Crassum
- Starts at End of Ileum and Ends at Anus
- Length of Large Intestine: 1-1.65 meters Long
- Function:
○ Absorption of water and electrolytes
- Parts:
○ Caecum
○ Appendix
○ Ascending Colon
○ Transverse Colon
○ Descending Colon
○ Sigmoid Colon
○ Rectum

Caecum:
- Topography:
○ Holotopy: Right Inguinal Region
- Size: 6-8 cm long and 7-7,5 cm wide
- Ileal Orifice (ostium ileale)
- Ileocecal Valve

Appendix Veriformis:
- 2-4cm long and 0,5-1cm wide
- Orifice of Veriform Appendix (Ostium Appendicis Veriformis)
- Positions of the Appendix:
○ Caudal Position (40-50%)
○ Medial Position (17-20%)
○ Lateral Position (17-20%)
○ Posterior Position (9-13%)
○ Anterior Position (very rarely)

Appendicitis:
- Inflammation of the appendix
- May cause peritonitis
- McBurney's Point
- T10 Dermatome. Umbilical pain in early stage

Ascending Colon (Colon Ascendens):
- 12-20cm long
- Topography:
○ Holotopy: Right Lateral Region and Right Hypochondriac region
○ Syntopy:
§ Anteriroly: Anterior abdominal wall
§ Laterally: lateral abdominal wall
§ Posteriorly: right kidney, Quadratus Lumborum, Transverse Abdominal Muscle

Transverse Colon (Colon Transversum):
- 30-80cm long
- Topography:
○ Holotopy:
§ Right Colic Flexure (Flexura Coli Dextra) in Right hypochondriac Region
§ Umbillical Region
§ Left Colic Flexure (Flexura Coli Sinistra) in Left Hypochondriac region
○ Skeletopy: L2 - L1 (Left colic flexure higher than right colic flexure since the left colic flexure is helt by phrenocolic ligament)
○ Syntopy: Transverse Mesocolon, Greater Omentum.

Descending Colon (Colon Descendens)
- 15-20 cm long
- Topography:
○ Holotopy: Left Lateral Region, Left Iliac Fossa (fossa iliaca sinistra)
○ Syntopy: Small intestine, left kidney, quadratus lumborum, abdominal wall.
○ Ascending and descending colon: Mesoperitoneal Viscera - partly covered by peritoneum

Sigmoid Colon (Colon Sigmoideum):
- 15-80 cm long
- Left Ilac Fossa to the Sacroiliac Joint (art. Sacroiliaca)
- Continues into rectum
- Helt in position by root of the mesentery (radix mesenterii)

Rectum:
- 15-20cm
- Sigmoid Colon, anteriorly of sacrum
- Sacral Flexure (flexura sacralis)
- Perineal Flexure (Flexura perinealis)
- Rectal Ampulla (ampulla recti)
- Anal Canal (Canalis Analis)
- Anus

Layers of Large Intestinal Wall:
- Tunica Mucosa
○ Simple Columnar Epithelium
○ Goblet Cells
○ Intestinal Crypts
○ Lamina Propria
○ Lamina Muscularis Mucosa
○ Semilunar folds of the colon (plicae semilunares coli)
○ Solitary lymph nodules
○ Aggregated lymph nodules
○ Superior Transverse Fold (plica transversalis recti superior)
○ Middle Transverse Fold (Plica transversalis recti media)
○ Infrior Transverse Fold (Plica transversalis recti inferior)
○ Anal Columns (columnae anales)
○ Anal Sinuses (sinus anales)
- Tela Submucosa
○ Loose connective tissue and blood vessels
○ At anal canal: rectal venous plexuses (hemorrhoidal plexus), hemorrhoidal zone may evolve to hemorrhoids
- Tunica Muscularis
○ Circular muscle fibers
§ Internal anal sphincter
§ External anal sphincter
○ Longitudinal Muscle fibers
§ Bands (tenia coli)
§ Tenia Libera (free tenia)
§ Tenia omentalis (omental tenia)
§ Tenia mesocolica (mesocolic tenia)
○ Haustra of colon / sacculations (haustrae coli)
○ Transverse grooves (sulci transversi)
- Tunica Serosa
○ Intraperitoneal viscera
○ Mesoperitoneal viscera

Sources used in this video:
- Memorix Anatomy 2nd Edition by Hudák Radovan (Author), Kachlík David (Author), Volný Ondřej (Author)
- Biorender
- University notes and lectures

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