人類是如何開始定居生活的？
農業起源如何以及為何發生？
陶器、磨制石器如何以及為何而發明？
如何評估那些最早的原創發明對於人類社會的意義？
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[講座要點]

本文依據東亞的資料重新反思和檢討舊、新石器之間所發生的生計變化和內在邏輯。新石器革命經常又被稱為“農業革命”，但筆者分析認為，農業是人類改變生態龕的副產品之一，不宜以農業為指標探討新石器革命的含意。新石器革命的第一步，肇始於末次冰期之後的氣候暖化時期，當時水界進入人類生態龕中，並帶來巨大變化。因此本文提出將新石器革命稱為“藍色革命”。在氣候變化的背景上，有些人群的食譜開始多包涵魚等水生動物以及水邊的鳥類，因此石質獵器和部分工具細小化。同時，因應捕撈發展的需求，在竹、木足夠的地區，開始製作竹筏和木船，由此促使新型磨制加工石器技術的發明。瞭解磨制石器出現的需求，我們才容易理解，何以漁業不發達或缺木材的區域文化並不發展磨制工具技術。

以漁業維生的族群逐步開始在水流平緩寬敞、水生動植物資源豐富的地方半定居或全定居，並進一步嘗試在自己生活範圍中的其它可用的食物，其中也注意到穀類，開始採集及食用。在淺水裡和水邊採集及食用小螺和穀物的需求，促使人們發明陶器。本文強調，陶器的發明離不開水邊的生計以及人類採集細小穀類的需求。此外，東亞考古資料闡明，人們用稻穀釀低度數的甜酒應早於煮飯，到了生產量增加時才用作主食。

從狩獵為主要生計到漁業為主要生計因而定居，後因定居而到食用穀類，再進一步開始生產食物，此乃人類經歷從“藍色革命”而肇始的重大轉折過程。

關鍵字：藍色革命、食譜廣化、新石器革命、磨制石器、細石器、漁業、制陶技術發明、農業起源
原文發表於《中國農史》2019年4-5期，作者為郭靜云、郭立新。


Blue Revolution:: The Genesis of the Neolithic Way of Life
(An East Asian Perspective)

Abstract: This paper aims to rethink and reflect on the change in the of way of life and its inner logic that happened during the transition from the Paleolithic Age to the Neolithic Age, taking materials from Eastern Asia as its base. As is known, the Neolithic Revolution is widely called Agricultural Revolution. However, the author proposes that we should not use agriculture as an indicator of the Neolithic Revolution, for it is just one of the by-products of humans changing their ecological niche. In actuality, the onset of the Neolithic Revolution is the warming of the climate after the last Glacial, with the consequent increase of the importance of water in humans’ lives, triggering the change. Coping with the changes in climate, some groups begin to consume aquatic animals such as fish and waterside fowl. Consequently, there appears a tendency to miniaturize stone hunting tools and other utensils. Meanwhile, in order to meet the demands of fishing development, people in forested regions try to make wooden boats, bringing out the new technique of polished stone vessels. This paper is going to make it clear that there is a close relationship between the emergence and progress of the microlith and the miniaturization of hunting targets (fish and fowl). Furthermore, the use of timber creates the need of polished stone vessels, which first appear in places where humans begin to make dugouts. It thus becomes clear, why the technique of polished stone vessels is not advanced in these cultures lacking in fishery and timber industries.

Human groups relying on fishing for subsistence gradually adopt a semi-sedentary or sedentary lifestyle in such places where streams are mild and wide, leading to rich and varied aquatic animals and plants. As time goes on, they include other types of food into their diet, among which are also cereal crops. Finally, demands of gathering and processing cereals lead humans to invent first pottery techniques. This paper is going to emphasize that the invention of pottery goes hand in hand with the waterside lifestyle and cereal crops gathering. In addition, archaeological data from East Asia suggests that people started using rice for making low-alcohol wine earlier than for cooking, and its role as a staple food is a later phenomenon due to increase in production volume.
What we call the Blue Revolution is precisely such transition from a hunting lifestyle to a fishing lifestyle, which allowed human groups to settle down and discover cereals.

Key words: Blue Revolution, Broad-Spectrum, Neolithic Revolution, Polished Stone tools, Microlithic, Fishing, Invention earthenware, Cereals domestication

Authors: OLGA GORODETSKAYA, GUO LIXIN

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