Placental Abruption: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications & Prevention
Placental abruption is a serious condition where the placenta detaches prematurely from the uterine wall before childbirth, causing significant bleeding from the 24th week of pregnancy until delivery. It is classified into revealed abruption, with visible vaginal bleeding, and concealed abruption, with blood trapped behind the placenta. Risk factors include trauma, high blood pressure, multiple pregnancies, maternal age over 35, previous abruption, substance abuse, premature membrane rupture, uterine abnormalities, clotting disorders, infections, and rapid uterine decompression. Symptoms include vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, uterine tenderness, rapid contractions, fetal distress, and shock. Diagnosis involves clinical assessment, ultrasound, fetal monitoring, and blood tests. Treatment depends on severity and may involve bed rest, hospitalization, medications, blood transfusions, and delivery via vaginal birth or cesarean section. Complications include hemorrhagic shock, clotting disorders, organ failure, hysterectomy, infections, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, hypoxia, and stillbirth. Prevention focuses on managing chronic conditions, avoiding substance abuse and trauma, regular prenatal care, stress management, and prompt medical attention for symptoms.
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