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Vitiligo is a condition in which your skin loses melanin, the pigment that determines the color of your skin, hair and eyes. Vitiligo occurs when the cells that produce melanin die or no longer form melanin, causing slowly enlarging white patches of irregular shapes to appear on your skin.
Vitiligo is more noticeable in people with darker skin. The discolored patches also can appear on mucous membranes, such as the tissues inside your mouth and nose, and the retina of your eyes.
The exact cause of vitiligo is unknown. But researchers believe that it may arise from autoimmune, genetic, oxidative stress, neuronal or viral causes. In vitiligo, tissue (melanocytes) that produces melanin dies or is unable to function. The involved patches of skin become lighter or white. The hair that grows in areas affected by vitiligo usually turns white.
Most people develop vitiligo before age 40; about half develop it before age 20. Vitiligo affects all races, but it may be more noticeable in people with darker skin. Both sexes are affected equally.
The exact cause of vitiligo is unknown, but research suggests that it may arise from autoimmune, genetic, oxidative stress, neural, or viral causes. The main underlying mechanism involves the destruction of melanocytes (the cells that make pigment) in the skin by immune cells. The diagnosis is typically based on the symptoms and signs. No blood tests or skin biopsies are usually required to make a diagnosis.
The most common treatment options are sun protection with clothing and sunscreen, depigmentation, which involves making the remaining normal-colored skin lighter with a cream containing monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone and use of steroids, tacrolimus or pimecrolimus creams to help restore color to the areas affected by vitiligo. Narrowband UVB light therapy has also been found to be effective for treating vitiligo. Laser treatments such as excimer laser have also been used to treat Vitiligo.
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