The term "realism" in international relations has been used since the ancient Greeks, but it was not until the 20th century that it emerged as a distinct school of thought. Realists such as Hans Morgenthau and Henry Kissinger argued that the international system is anarchic, meaning that there is no central authority to enforce rules or protect states. In this environment, states are motivated by self-interest, primarily by the desire to survive and expand their power. Idealism in international relations has its roots in the Enlightenment and the belief that human beings are rational and capable of cooperating to achieve common goals. Idealists argue that the international system is not inherently anarchic and that states can and should work together to promote peace, justice, and human rights. Some prominent idealists include Woodrow Wilson, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Jimmy Carter.
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