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00:02:54 1 Long-term effects
00:03:03 1.1 Neuroplasticity
00:04:47 1.1.1 BDNF signaling
00:06:02 1.1.2 IGF-1 signaling
00:07:03 1.1.3 VEGF signaling
00:07:57 1.2 Structural growth
00:10:44 1.3 Long-term effects on cognition
00:11:56 2 Short-term effects
00:12:05 2.1 Short-term effects on cognition
00:13:09 2.2 Psychological stress and cortisol
00:14:36 2.3 Euphoria
00:15:11 2.4 Effects on neurochemicals
00:15:20 2.4.1 β-Phenylethylamine
00:16:35 2.4.2 β-Endorphin
00:17:23 2.4.3 Anandamide
00:18:24 2.4.4 Monoamine neurotransmitters
00:18:32 2.4.5 Glutamate and GABA
00:19:21 2.4.6 Acetylcholine
00:19:29 3 Effects in children
00:22:32 4 Effects on central nervous system disorders
00:22:42 4.1 Addiction
00:23:58 4.2 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
00:25:09 4.3 Major depressive disorder
00:26:54 4.4 Brain cancers
00:27:02 4.5 Mild cognitive impairment
00:27:36 4.6 Neurodegenerative disorders
00:27:45 4.6.1 Alzheimer's disease
00:29:10 4.6.2 Parkinson's disease
00:30:24 5 See also
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Speaking Rate: 0.9857143220470261
Voice name: en-AU-Wavenet-D
"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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The neurobiological effects of physical exercise are numerous and involve a wide range of interrelated effects on brain structure, brain function, and cognition. A large body of research in humans has demonstrated that consistent aerobic exercise (e.g., 30 minutes every day) induces persistent improvements in certain cognitive functions, healthy alterations in gene expression in the brain, and beneficial forms of neuroplasticity and behavioral plasticity; some of these long-term effects include: increased neuron growth, increased neurological activity (e.g., c-Fos and BDNF signaling), improved stress coping, enhanced cognitive control of behavior, improved declarative, spatial, and working memory, and structural and functional improvements in brain structures and pathways associated with cognitive control and memory. The effects of exercise on cognition have important implications for improving academic performance in children and college students, improving adult productivity, preserving cognitive function in old age, preventing or treating certain neurological disorders, and improving overall quality of life.In healthy adults, aerobic exercise has been shown to induce transient effects on cognition after a single exercise session and persistent effects on cognition following regular exercise over the course of several months. People who regularly perform aerobic exercise (e.g., running, jogging, brisk walking, swimming, and cycling) have greater scores on neuropsychological function and performance tests that measure certain cognitive functions, such as attentional control, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, working memory updating and capacity, declarative memory, spatial memory, and information processing speed. The transient effects of exercise on cognition include improvements in most executive functions (e.g., attention, working memory, cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, problem solving, and decision making) and information processing speed for a period of up to 2 hours after exercising.Aerobic exercise induces short- and long-term effects on mood and emotional states by promoting positive affect, inhibiting negative affect, and decreasing the biological response to acute psychological stress. Over the short-term, aerobic exercise functions as both an antidepressant and euphoriant, whereas consistent exercise produces general improvements in mood and self-esteem.Regular aerobic exercise improves symptoms associated with a variety of central nervous system disorders and may be used as an adjunct therapy for these disorders. There is clear evidence of exercise treatment efficacy for major depressive disorder and attention deficit hyperactiv ...
