Between 1885 and 1908, the Belgian King Leopold II personally ruled the Congo Free State, which was also known as the Independent State of the Congo.
Because he ruled the state personally, he had total control of its resources and had to answer to no one.

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Created by Daniel Turner

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Sources:

Palmer, R.R. Joel Colton and Lloyd Kramer, A History of Europe in the Modern World. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2014.

Robinson, James L. “November 15, 1908. Belgium Confiscates Congo Free State from King Leopold II.” In Great Events from History, eds. Carl Bankston Pasadena. Calif: Salem Press, 2009.

Rutz, Michael A. King Leopold’s Congo and the “Scramble for Africa” (Hackett Publishing Company, Incorporated, 2018.

Spaas, Lieve. “Leopold II.” In A Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures: Continental Europe and Its Empires, eds. Prem Poddar, Rajeev S. Patke and Lars Jensen. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press, 2011.

Hochschild, Adam King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Pan Macmillan, 1998.

King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa
By Adam Hochschild

Belgium and the Congo, 1885–1980
By Guy Vanthemsche

Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1
edited by Anthony Appiah, Henry Louis Gates (Jr.)

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