The Mughal Empire was an Islamic state in South Asia ruled by the Timurid dynasty. For some two centuries, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, Kashmir in the north, Bangladesh in the east, and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau in South India.[11]

The Mughal Empire was founded in April 1526 by Babur (r. 1526–1530), following his victory over Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat. Babur was succeeded by Humayun (r. 1530–1540, 1555–1556), who lost most of his territory to Sher Shah Suri, though regained it many years later. Humayun's successor Akbar (r. 1556–1605) continued his predecessor's policies of centralization and expansion, though he initiated controversial secularist policies and founded the Din-i-Ilahi tradition. The fourth emperor Jahangir (r. 1605–1627) focused on the promotion of arts. During the emperorship of Shah Jahan (r. 1628–1658), the Mughals reached the peak of their architectural achievements and cultural glory. The sixth emperor Aurangzeb (r. 1658–1707) conquered nearly the entire South Asia, imposed the Fatawa al-Alamgir, built numerous mosques and Islamized the region. Under Aurangzeb, the Mughals became the world's largest economy and biggest manufacturing power. After Aurangzeb's death, his weak successors lost significant territory to the conquests of the Maratha Empire, absorbed as a puppet state, and this continued during the East India Company rule in India. The empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

The Mughal empire was created and sustained by military warfare[12][13][14] but also established new administrative practices[15][16] and incorporated diverse ruling elites to produce an efficient, centralised, standardised rule.[17] Akbar, the third Mughal emperor, instituted agricultural taxes which served as the base of the empire's collective wealth.[18][19] These taxes, amounting to well over half of a peasant cultivator's output,[20] had to be paid in money,[17] and this impelled peasants and artisans to enter market networks so as to obtain it.[21]

The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion.[22] Burgeoning European presence in the Indian Ocean, and its increasing demand for Indian raw and finished products, created still greater wealth in the Mughal courts.[23] There was more conspicuous consumption among the Mughal elite,[24] resulting in greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture, especially during the reign of Shah Jahan.[25] Among the Mughal UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South Asia are Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri, Red Fort, Humayun's Tomb, Lahore Fort, and the Taj Mahal, which is described as the "jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage
PRESENTED BY : MOHSIN CHELLI
EDIT : DARKVENOM STUDIO
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