The Twelve Tribes of Israel (Hebrew: שִׁבְטֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל, romanized: Šīḇṭēy Yīsrāʾēl, lit. 'Tribes of Israel') are, according to Abrahamic religious texts, the descendants of the biblical patriarch Jacob, also known as Israel, through his twelve sons through his wives, Leah and Rachel, and his concubines, Bilhah and Zilpah, who collectively form the Israelite nation. Within ancient Judaism, one's tribal affiliation had a great impact on his or her practices and opportunities, as some tribes enjoyed privileges others did not and some tribes received more blessings than others.[citation needed] Some modern scholars dispute whether there ever were (exactly) twelve Israelite tribes, and think that the number 12 more likely signifies a symbolic invented tradition as part of a national founding myth.
Genealogy
Jacob, later called Israel, was the second-born son of Isaac and Rebecca, the younger twin brother of Esau, and the grandson of Abraham and Sarah. According to biblical texts, he was chosen by God to be the patriarch of the Israelite nation. From what is known of Jacob, he had two wives, sisters Leah and Rachel, and two concubines, Bilhah and Zilpah, by whom he had thirteen children. The twelve sons form the basis for the twelve tribes of Israel, listed in the order from oldest to youngest: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Joseph, and Benjamin. Jacob was known to display favoritism among his children, particularly for Joseph and Benjamin, the sons of his favorite wife, Rachel, and so the tribes themselves were not treated equally in a divine sense. Joseph, despite being the second-youngest son, received double the inheritance of his brothers, treated as if he were the firstborn son instead of Reuben, and so his tribe was later split into two tribes, named after his sons, Ephraim and Manasseh.[citation needed]

Sons and tribes

Parentage of Jacob's twelve sons, per Genesis 35
The Israelites were the twelve sons of the biblical patriarch Jacob. Jacob also had one daughter, Dinah, whose descendants were not recognized as a separate tribe. The sons of Jacob were born in Padan-aram from different mothers, as follows:

The sons of Leah; Reuben (Jacob's firstborn), Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, and Zebulun
The sons of Rachel; Joseph and Benjamin (Jacob's last-born)
The sons of Bilhah, Rachel's handmaid; Dan and Naphtali
The sons of Zilpah, Leah's handmaid; Gad and Asher
Deuteronomy 27:12–13 lists the twelve tribes:

Reuben (Hebrew רְאוּבֵן‎‎ Rəʼūḇēn)
Simeon (שִׁמְעוֹן‎‎ Šīməʻōn)
Levi (לֵוִי‎‎ Lēwī)
Judah (יְהוּדָה‎‎ Yəhūdā)
Issachar (יִשָּׂשכָר‎‎ Yīssāšḵār)
Zebulun (זְבוּלֻן‎‎ Zəḇūlun)
Dan (דָּן‎‎ Dān)
Naphtali (נַפְתָּלִי‎‎ Nap̄tālī)
Gad (גָּד‎‎ Gāḏ)
Asher (אָשֵׁר‎‎ ’Āšēr)
Benjamin (בִּנְיָמִן‎‎ Bīnyāmīn)
Joseph (יוֹסֵף‎‎ Yōsēp̄), later split into two "half-tribes":
Ephraim (אֶפְרַיִם‎‎ ’Ep̄rayīm)
Manasseh (מְנַשֶּׁה‎‎ Mənašše)
Jacob elevated the descendants of Ephraim and Manasseh (the two sons of Joseph and his Egyptian wife Asenath to the status of full tribes in their own right due to Joseph receiving a double portion after Reuben lost his birth right because of his transgression with Bilhah

In the biblical narrative the period from the conquest of Canaan under the leadership of Joshua until the formation of the United Kingdom of Israel passed with the tribes forming a loose confederation, described in the Book of Judges. Modern scholarship has called into question the beginning, middle, and end of this picture and the account of the conquest under Joshua has largely been abandoned. The Bible's depiction of the 'period of the Judges' is widely considered doubtful. The extent to which a united Kingdom of Israel ever existed is also a matter of ongoing dispute.

Living in exile in the sixth century BCE, the prophet Ezekiel has a vision for the restoration of Israel, of a future in which the twelve tribes of Israel are living in their land again.

Land allotment
See also: Judges 1 § List of cities

Joshua's allotment of land to the Israelite tribes according to Joshua 13–19
According to Joshua 13–19, the Land of Israel was divided into twelve sections corresponding to the twelve tribes of Israel.[citation needed] However, the tribes receiving land differed from the biblical tribes. The Tribe of Levi had no land appropriation but had six Cities of Refuge under their administration as well as the Temple in Jerusalem. There was no land allotment for the Tribe of Joseph, but Joseph's two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh, received their father's land portion.[citation needed]

Thus the tribes receiving an allotment were:

Reuben
Simeon
Ephraim
Judah
Issachar
Zebulun
Dan
Naphtali
Gad
Asher
Manasseh
Benjamin

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