The Calvin cycle is the second stage of photosynthesis which does not require light.
1. Fixation
Carbon dioxide reacts with ribulose bisphosphate to make glycerate phosphate by the action of the enzyme Rubisco.
2. Reduction
Glycerate phosphate is converted into triose phosphate with the actions of ATP (providing energy for molecular rearrangement) and reduced NADP (donating a proton for the reduction).
3. Regeneration
Triose phosphate is converted into ribulose bisphosphate by the action of ATP.
Glycerate phosphate can branch off to make amino acids and fatty acids, which are then used to make proteins and lipids.
Triose phosphate can also be used to make glycerol (which combines with fatty acids made by GP to make lipids) and hexose sugars (eg. glucose), which can then go on to form starch and cellulose.
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