Johan Barthold Jongkind, a Dutch painter, never exhibited with the Impressionists but he is regarded as one of their precursors. Several elements in The Seine and Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris suggest this kinship. The vibrant reflections of the sky and the water, the fragmented brushstrokes, and the "deep love of the modern side of Paris" evoked by Emile Zola help explain that in 1927, in a book on Jongkind, Paul Signac called him the "renovator of the modern landscape" and placed him "between Corot and Monet".
