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Before mars, we successfully landed on earth and moon. Earth has a thick atmosphere. So, the advantage in this case is that we can use parachutes to slow down the spacecraft. While, the disadvantage is that the thick atmosphere creates frictional heating, thus requiring heat shields. Now, as the moon has no atmosphere, the disadvantage is that parachutes don’t work, hence we need complex retrorockets. But the advantage is that no atmosphere means no friction, so no need of heat shields.

Now, more than 50% of landings on mars have failed because we face both the above disadvantages here. This is because mars’ atmosphere is 100 times thinner than earth’s atmosphere. So, parachutes are ineffective. Hence, we need complex retrorockets. Also, as the atmosphere is not completely absent, we need heat shields. As a result, the complexity of landing on mars increases.

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