Brain surgery is seen as a modern miracle. This reputation is deserved but not for our ability to do it but because we can clearly identify where to intervene. We say this as brain surgery in broad terms is not a new phenomena having been found in records from millennia ago.
The modern form of brain surgery as we know it avidly avoids the term trepination. That is because it has connotations that are undesirable. Instead they call it craniotomy. The difference for this video is minimal.
Trepination is the process of putting a hole in someones skull. The immediate steps before this involve removing the skin from the scalp and clearing the skull of other matter. This creates a hole from which blood flows out of the brain which relieves pressure.
In modern times this makes sense as we know that the brain is delicate and the pressure of a brain aneurysm, hemorrhage or similar can cause a lot of damage. As we know today this damage is obvious to some one watching behavioral, personality and physiological changes. In ancient times the same changes could be seen and we must wonder how they concluded a hole in your head would fix this bu they did.
We know that ancient peoples found this cure from archeological remains. These include many skull bones in isolation and group burials.
The obvious thought that would come to mind ids that these are ancient remains so how do we know it neither damage or injury? The answer is how often we find these remains, how well they have healed and how clearly the cut is delineated. It would rare if not impossible to find the same pattern of cut, in so many skulls, in so many places with similar locations if it was just from injuries or degradation of the samples.
Relevant links:
Why our ancestors drilled holes in each other’s skulls
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What Is Trepanation?
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A Hole in the Head: A History of Trepanation
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Curiosities of medical history: Trepanation
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Survival after trepanation—Early cranial surgery from Late Iron Age Switzerland
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Trepanation: surgery a-head of its time
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What is trepanning?
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