Earth. The oldest example of these representations is the Antikythera mechanism, from the 2nd century BC. Over the years, these objects depicting the celestial vault coexisted with measuring instruments of great precision: sextants, armillary spheres, astronomical and planetary clocks enabled the movements of the planets around a fixed Sun to be modeled. In the course of time, Galilean planetariums replaced the Copernican models, of which the giant Eise Eisinga Planetarium – founded in Waadhoeke, Holland in 1781 – is the final example.

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