When the Ciskei Transport Corporation hiked fares by 11% in July 1983 the community of Mdantsane launched a boycott and started using trains only. The Ciskei government recruited a vigilante group, the "Green Berets" to force commuters in Mdantsane to board buses. On the 4th of August 1987 commuters and the homeland forces clashed violently. Eleven people died and dozens were injured.
