There are many type of tactical radar systems available and their applications can be overwhelming. However, most tactical systems based on one of two main technologies passive or active electronically-scanned arrays.

Electronically scanned array radar refers to a type of radar that changes the beam scanning direction by changing the synthesis method of the wave beam emitted by the antenna surface array. This design is different from the mechanical scanning radar antenna, which can reduce or completely avoid the use of mechanical motors to drive the radar antenna to achieve the purpose of covering a larger detection range.

Of course, this does not mean that the electronic scanning radar cannot use mechanical rotation to increase the scanning range. In fact, the mechanical rotation of the electronic scanning radar base can further increase the coverage of the radar wave, such as the Russian modern class Anti-aircraft destroyers, the British Type 45 are equipped with or will be equipped with double-sided electronic scanning array radar (rather than the four-sided array like Indian Kolkata class destroyer), which makes them have to use a rotating front to cover a 360-degree circle. It is a typical example of the combination of “electronic scanning” + “mechanical rotation”.

The current electronic scanning method includes changing the frequency or the phase, and changing the direction of the combined beam.

Advantages
The advantages of electronic scanning include high scanning rate, fast beam direction change rate, higher accuracy of target signal measurement than mechanical scanning radar, and avoiding possible malfunctions of mechanical scanning radar antenna driving device. Because it can quickly change the beam direction in a very short time, the electronic scanning radar has stronger multi-target engagement capabilities, scanning and tracking capabilities, and air-to-air-air-to-ground multi-modes than traditional radars that use pure mechanical scanning. The ability to work at the same time and so on.

Passive Electronically Scanned Array (PESA)
passive electronically scanned array (PESA), also known as passive phased array is an antenna in which the beam of radio waves can be electronically steered to point in different directions (that is, a phased array antenna), in which all the antenna elements are connected to a single transmitter (such as a magnetron, a klystron or a travelling wave tube) and/or receiver. The largest use of phased arrays is in radars. Most phased array radars in the world are PESA. The civilian microwave landing system uses PESA transmit-only arrays.

Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA)
An active electronically scanned array (AESA) is a type of phased array antenna, which is active electronically scanned array radar. which means that each array element on the surface of the antenna completely includes the ability to generate, transmit and receive signals, that is, to reduce the signal generators, amplifiers, etc. Within each array unit, the antenna does not need to rely on signal generators and waveguides to feed signals. Since each array unit can be used as a signal source to actively emit electromagnetic waves, it is called active phased array or active phased array. This is the current mainstream trend in the development of phased array antennas.

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