How caffeine affects the body
There are many crucial functions at play in our bodies all the time, including heart rate, blood flow and sleep-wake cycles. Many of these affected by adenosine – a chemical that occurs naturally in your body, and whose job it is to make us tired at the end of the day.

"Adenosine is one of the naturally produced substances in the body to cause a quieting of activity in various organs that are under stress or in need of lowering energy demand," says Kenneth Jacobson, chief of the molecular recognition section at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases in the US.

Adenosine receptors are found on the outer surface of many cells in the body, he says, and they react to variable levels of adenosine near the cell to send a command inside the cell to lower its level of activity. This promotes sleep in the heart, kidneys, immune system and other tissues.

When we consume caffeine, it's quickly absorbed into our bloodstream, where it out-competes adenosine by preventing it from connecting to these receptors and doing its job. This is why consuming caffeine can make us feel more awake and alert.

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