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Nouns can be singular, nomi singolari, when refer to one subject: a person, an animal, a thing, an idea, etc.
Are singular nouns, for example: giornale (newspaper), mattina (morning), sciarpa (scarf), quaderno (notebook), figlio (son).
Devo ancora comprare il giornale di oggi. (I haven’t bought today’s newspaper yet.)
Di mattina faccio sempre fatica a svegliarmi. (In the morning I always get up with effort.)
Mi piace molto la tua sciarpa rossa. (I like very much your red scarf.)
Aprite il quaderno e iniziate a scrivere. (Open your notebook and begin to write.)
Mio figlio è molto educato. (My son is very polite.)
Nouns can be plural, nomi plurali, when they refer to two or more subjects: two or more people, animals, things, ideas, actions, etc.
Are plural nous, for example: giornali (newspapers), mattine (mornings), sciarpe (scarfs), quaderni (notebooks), figli (soons).
Ho un sacco di vecchi giornali. (I have lots of old newspapers.)
Queste mattine fa ancora molto freddo. (In these mornings the weather is still very cold.)
Le tue sciarpe sono sempre così colorate! (Your scarfs are always so colored!)
Hai comprato i quaderni nuovi? (Did you buy new exercise books?)
I miei figli sono delle pesti. (My sons are real pests.)
Nouns can be collective, nomi collettivi, when they refer to a group of people, animals o things. Collective nouns can be both singolar and plural.
Are collective nouns, for example: classe (class), bosco (wood), mandria (herd); classi (classes), boschi (woods), mandrie (herds).
La mia classe andrà presto in gita a Torino. (My class is going soon to Turin for a school trip.)
Il bosco, di notte, era davvero inquietante. (At night the wood is very disturbing).
La mandria è andata a pascolare lontano da qui. (The herd is pasturing far from here.)
Tutte le classi della scuola sono radunate in auditorio. (All the classes are in the auditorium.)
Vogliono tagliare tutti quei boschi per costruire una nuova zona residenziale. (They want to cut down all of those woods to build a new residential area.)
Quel signore è proprietario di numerose mandrie di buoi. (That man owns many herds of oxen.)
Usually, noun’s root remains unchanged: only the ending can be modified.
- Some nouns are invariable: they have the same form both for singular and for plural.
Are invariable, for example: il re, i re (the king, the kings); la città, le città (the city, the cities); il brindisi, i brindisi (the toast, the toasts).
- Some nouns lack in singular form or in plural form: they are called nomi difettivi.
Some nouns don’t have the plural form, but only the singular one: they are called difettivi del plurale.
For example:
latte (milk), miele (honey), caffè (coffee); morbillo (measles), peste (pest), colera (cholera); bontà (kindness), codardia (cowardice), coraggio (courage); fame (hunger), sete (thirst), sonno (sleep); piombo (lead), oro (gold), argento (silver).
Some nouns don’t have the singular form, but only the plural one: they are called difettivi del singolare.
For example:
i pantaloni (the trousers), le forbici (the scissors), gli occhiali (the eyeglasses).
- Some nouns are overabundant, sovrabbondanti: they have different forms for the singular and for the plural. Attention: often the plural forms have different meanings!
Singular
Plural
Ending in -o: quaderno (notebook)
Ending in -i: quaderni (notebooks)
Ending in -a, feminine: donna (woman)
Ending in -e: donne (women)
Ending in -a, masculine: pirata (pirate)
Ending in -i: pirati (pirats)
Ending in -e, masculine, feminine:
madre (mother), padre (father)
Ending in -i:
madri (mothers), padri (fathers)
Singolare
Plurale
Ending in -ca, -ga, masculine: duca (duke), collega (workmate)
feminine: oca (goose), collega (workmate)
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