incretin effect| incretin effect glp-1| incretin effect explained| incretin effect in diabetes| incretin hormones| incretin based therapy of diabetes
▪ Incretins are a group of metabolic hormones that stimulate a decrease in blood glucose levels. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are the two primary incretin hormones secreted from the intestine on ingestion of glucose or nutrients to stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells. The major mechanism of metabolism of the incretins is cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), an enzyme that is ubiquitously expressed, including in endothelial cells.
▪ Two pharmacological approaches have been taken to enhance the incretin effect in type 2 diabetes. One approach is to administer GLP-1 'analogues' (GLP-1 receptor agonists) that are resistant to cleavage by DPP4. The other approach is to inhibit DPP4 activity. This effectively increases the half-life and therefore the circulating concentrations of the incretins.
▪ In summary, Ingested glucose causes secretion of incretins from GI tract. These ingredients then increase insulin secretion from the pancreas. Anti-diabetic drugs targeting this mechanism are glp1 analogues and dpp4 inhibitors. And in this way, by increasing insulin secretion, the incretins lower blood glucose.

Chapters:
0:00 - Insulin Secretion Mechanism
0:42 - Incretin Effect
1:10 - Incretin Hormones
1:26 - Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) Hormone
2:19 - Problem in Diabetes
2:35 - GLP-1 analogues and DPP-4 inhibitors
3:24 - Summary of Incretin Effect

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