The first Mongol invasion of Hungarystarted in March 1241, and the Mongols started to withdraw in late March 1242.

٭Mongol invasion of Europe٭
The Hungarians had first learned about the Mongol threat in 1229, when King Andrew II granted asylum to some fleeing Russian boyars. Some Magyars (Hungarians), left behind during the main migration to the Pannonian basin, still lived on the banks of the upper Volga (it is believed by some that the descendants of this group are the modern-day Bashkirs, although this people now speaks a Turkic language, not Magyar). In 1237 a Dominican friar, Julianus, set off on an expedition to lead them back, and was sent back to King Béla with a letter from Batu Khan. In this letter, Batu called upon the Hungarian king to surrender his kingdom unconditionally to the Tatar forces or face complete destruction. Béla did not reply, and two more messages were later delivered to Hungary. The first, in 1239, was sent by the defeated Cuman tribes, who asked for and received asylum in Hungary. The second was sent in February 1241 from Poland which was facing an invasion from another Mongol force

٭Invasion٭
Five separate Mongol armies invaded Hungary in 1241. The main army under Batu and Subutai crossed through the Verecke Pass. The army of Qadan and Büri crossed through the Borgói Pass. Two smaller forces under Böchek and the noyan Bogutai entered Hungary from the southeast. The army that had invaded Poland under Orda and Baidar invaded Hungary from the northwest


These conquests involved invasions of Russia, Hungary, Volga Bulgaria, Poland, Dalmatia, and Wallachia. Over the course of four years (1237–1241), the Mongols quickly overtook most of the major eastern European cities, only sparing Novgorod and Pskov.

In the mid-13th century, the Mongol Empire launched a devastating invasion of Kievan Rus’, sacking cities like Kiev (with 50,000 inhabitants) and Chernigov (with 30,000 inhabitants). The siege of Kiev in 1240 marked the end of Kievan Rus’, which had been undergoing fragmentation. Other principalities and urban centers in the northwest and southwest, including Galicia–Volhynia, Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, Polotsk, Vitebsk, and possibly Rostov and Uglich, escaped complete destruction or suffered minimal damage. Only Novgorod managed to avoid foreign occupation. The campaign began with the Battle of the Kalka River in 1223, where the Mongols defeated forces from several principalities and remnants of the Cumans. Subsequently, Batu Khan led a full-scale invasion, overrunning most of Kievan Rus’ between 1237 and 1238. The Mongols captured Kiev and expanded west into Hungary and Poland. Although a Russian army later defeated the Mongols at the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, tribute demands from Russian princes continued until around 1480.


🔎 Historical Clues and Legends:

Discover the accounts from Marco Polo, who chronicled the elusive tomb’s location.
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🌅 The Dark Side of Mongols: As we unravel the mystery, we also confront the darker aspects of the Mongol empire—the ruthless conquests, the legacy of war, and the impact on civilizations. 🌍⚔️

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📜 From the steppes of Mongolia to the gates of Europe, discover the impact of the Tartar invasions on civilizations they encountered and how these events shaped world history. 📚🤔

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