This is the most fundamental tool in all of astrophysics. It cannot be understated that this tool basically invented astrophysics, and can even be replicated with amateur-class telescopes. This is part of my complete intro Astronomy class that I taught at Willam Paterson University and CUNY Hunter.
Supplement the videos with "OpenStax Astronomy"
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17: Analyzing Starlight
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18: The Stars, a Celestial Census
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19: Celestial Distances
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Luminosity/Radius/Temperature Relation
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Johnson Filter System
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Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
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Luminosity Classes
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ESA's Gaia Mission
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ESA's Hipparcos
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GAIA'S HERTZSPRUNG-RUSSELL DIAGRAM
0:00 Introduction
0:46 Blackbody Spectrum
2:18 Thermal Radiation
3:37 Luminosity-Radius-Temperature Relation
5:42 Astronomical Color Filters
6:42 Color's Definition
8:16 Color and Temperature are Related
10:06 Creating an HR Diagram
15:15 Main Sequence
16:06 Giants & Supergiants
17:03 White Dwarfs
18:11 The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
21:51 Luminosity Classification
23:43 Stellar Luminosity Classes
27:16 Summary of Stellar Properties
29:01 Locating familiar stars on the H-R Diagram
29:51 Distances Using Astrometry: HIPPARCOS
30:42 Gaia: The Next Generation of Parallax Distances
31:50 Gaia's HR Diagram
35:03 REVIEW QUESTIONS
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