We're looking at something called non-verbal learning disorder or NVLD (also abbreviated as NLD), and the questions regarding it in the research field. It overlaps significantly with ASD and ADHD, and some argue it's just autism while others say it's a distinct disorder.
References:
Broitman, J., & Davis, J. (n.d.). Frequently Asked Questions. The NVLD Project | Non-Verbal Learning Disability. Retrieved November 5, 2021, from [ Ссылка ]
Burkhardt, S. (2019, April 17). NVLD: To Be or Not to Be Real NVLD. Children’s Resource Group - A Multi-Specialty Behavioral Health Practice. [ Ссылка ]
Cervino, M., Castrillo, P., & Guijarro, R. (2017). Non-verbal learning disorder: Neuropsychological profile and neural correlates. A structural magnetic resonance imaging study. European Psychiatry, 41(S1), S344–S344. [ Ссылка ]
Fine, J. G., Musielak, K. A., & Semrud-Clikeman, M. (2014). Smaller splenium in children with nonverbal learning disability compared to controls, high-functioning autism and ADHD. Child Neuropsychology, 20(6), 641–661. [ Ссылка ]
Fine, J., Semrud-Clikeman, M., Bledsoe, JesseC., & Musielak, KaylaA. (2013). A critical review of the literature on NLD as a developmental disorder. Child Neuropsychology, 19(2), 190–223. [ Ссылка ]
Frye, D., & Karanzalis, L. (2021, January 6). What Is Nonverbal Learning Disorder? ADDitude. [ Ссылка ]
Meyer, B. (2020, February 26). NVLD: What is it and Why is it Not in the DSM? The NVLD Project | Non-Verbal Learning Disability. [ Ссылка ]
Rosenblum, S., Piran, M., Meyer, S., & Sachs, D. (2018). Normative or Heavy Clouds? Early Indicators of Nonverbal Learning Disability Based on Mothers’ Reports. Open Journal of Occupational Therapy, 6(2). [ Ссылка ]
Semrud-Clikeman, M., Fine, J., Bledsoe, J., & Zhu, DavidC. (2013). Magnetic resonance imaging volumetric findings in children with Asperger syndrome, nonverbal learning disability, or healthy controls. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 35(5), 540–550. [ Ссылка ]
Semrud-Clikeman, M., Fine, J. G., & Bledsoe, J. (2016). Social functioning using direct and indirect measures with children with High Functioning Autism, nonverbal learning disability, and typically developing children. Child Neuropsychology, 22(3), 318–335. [ Ссылка ]
Semrud-Clikeman, M., Walkowiak, J., Wilkinson, A., & Christopher, G. (2010). Neuropsychological Differences Among Children With Asperger Syndrome, Nonverbal Learning Disabilities, Attention Deficit Disorder, and Controls. Developmental Neuropsychology, 35(5), 582–600. [ Ссылка ]
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