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This Lecture will support you to understand the concept of Internet Protocol Version 4 and 6 in computer network. How IPV4 address is divided in network.
IP version 4(IPV4) : It is a 32 bit address.
In this, address is divided into 4 octets(Bytes).

Bit is a value that will represent 0’s or 1’s (i.e. Binary)

01010101000001011011111100000001

32 bits are divided into 4 Octets and “ it is known as Dotted Decimal Notation”.


01010101. 00000101. 10111111. 00000001

IP version 6(IPV6) :
It is a 128 bit address.
In this, address is divided into 8 parts of 16 bits.
And each 16-bit block is converted into a 4-digit hexadecimal number and separated by colons (Colon-Hex Notation).
Example:
FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210


Classful & Classless Addressing are methods to analyze the structure (format) of IP address.
In Classful addresing, The IP address consist of 1st ,2nd ,3rd Octet are Network part(N) and remaining is Host part(H).
In Classless addresing, It ignore the classful rules (A,B,C classes).
In Classless addresing , each IP address will have only two parts Subnet part(Prefix) & Host Part.

Classful network: All devices in the same routing domain must use the same subnet mask.
This network uses full mask (default mask) for it's class (A, B, C).
Classful is based on the default Class A,B or C networks.
Class A: Range is 0 - 127 with a mask of 255.0.0.0 (8 bit Net-id)
Class B: Range is 128 - 191 with a mask of 255.255.0.0 (16 bit Net-id)
Class C: Range is 192 - 223 with a mask of 255.255.255.0 (24 bit Net-id).

A classful network uses IP addresses of the same network class in all its sub-networks and in addition, the same subnet mask in all the subnets
( if class A, all the IP addresses in the network are of class A).
All devices in the same routing domain must use the same subnet mask. Since routers running a classful routing protocol do not include subnet mask information with routing updates, the router assumes either its own subnet mask, or defaults to the classful subnet mask.

Classful networks use the 'classful' subnet mask according to the leading bits in the first block of the IP address:
Example: Class A begins with binary 0 (0-127.x.x.x)
So and IP address is 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 use subnet mask = 255.0.0.0
Class B begins with binary 10 (128-191).
So IP address is 128.0.0.0 to 192.255.255.255 use subnet mask = 255.255.0.0
Class C begin with binary 110 (192-223).
So IP addresses is 192.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.0 use a subnet mask = 255.255.255.0

Classles Network :

Classless IP addressing means, we can use any subnet mask , even can assign partial blocks. For example subnet 172.16.0.0 is a class B network.
This network uses a CUSTOM mask (subnet mask) obtained by adding EXTRA bits to the default class mask.
Classless networks enable the use of IP addresses with different subnet masks in the same network to enable efficient use of IP addresses.
This network allows the use of variable length subnet masks, because subnet mask information is included with routing updates.
Example: we can have a mixture of different subnet masks in the same routing domain:
10.1.0.0 (19 bits net-id)
10.2.0.0 (20 bits net-id)
172.16.8.0 (21 bits net-id)
172.16.16.0 (24 bits net-id)


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