Hisao Tani was born on 22 December 1882 to a farming family in Okayama Prefecture, Japan. In 1903 at the age of 20, Tani graduated from the 15th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy placing 16th in his class.
On 8 February 1904 the Russo-Japanese War began which was fought over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and the Korean Empire. The war ended on 5 September 1905 with the complete victory of the Japanese military, which surprised international observers and transformed the balance of power in both East Asia and Europe, resulting in Japan's emergence as a great power and a decline in the Russian Empire's prestige and influence in Europe. Russia's incurrence of substantial casualties and losses for a cause that resulted in humiliating defeat contributed to a growing domestic unrest which culminated in the 1905 Russian Revolution, and severely damaged the prestige of the Russian autocracy.
Tani saw combat during that war as a second lieutenant in the Guard's First Infantry Battalion, although his training at the academy had been in artillery.
In 1912, Tani graduated from the 24th class of the Army War College, which accepted only previous graduates of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy. Supported by influential pro-German ministers and army officers, the Army War College was modeled after the Prussian War College, with German officers hired to provide training. Learning tended to be by rote memorization, with little encouragement for creative thinking or discussion among the students.
Much of the empire's elite including prime ministers during the period of Japanese militarism were graduates of the college and each year, the six graduates with the best marks were each awarded with an Army Sword by the Emperor. Tani graduated in the third place among the students in this term.
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