📌 𝐅𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐨𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦:- [ Ссылка ]
📌𝗝𝗼𝗶𝗻 𝗢𝘂𝗿 𝗧𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺 𝗖𝗵𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗲𝗹 𝗛𝗲𝗿𝗲:- [ Ссылка ]
📌𝗦𝘂𝗯𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗯𝗲 𝗧𝗼 𝗠𝘆 𝗠𝗮𝗶𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗟𝗶𝘀𝘁:- [ Ссылка ]
Hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is characterized by abnormally high parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in the blood due to overactivity of the parathyroid glands. It is differentiated into three types based on the underlying cause: primary HPT (pHPT), secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT), and tertiary hyperparathyroidism (tHPT). pHPT is characterized by elevated parathyroid hormone and calcium levels and is usually caused by parathyroid adenomas (or, in rare cases, by parathyroid carcinomas). Although often asymptomatic, symptoms such as bone pain, gastric ulcers, and/or kidney stones may emerge in severe cases. sHPT is characterized by high parathyroid hormone and low calcium levels and may be caused by kidney failure, vitamin D deficiency, or malabsorption. sHPT is also called reactive HPT, as the increase in (parathyroid) hormone production is a physiological response to hypocalcemia and not caused by an abnormality of the parathyroid glands. If sHPT and elevated parathyroid hormone blood levels persist, tHPT may develop, resulting in a shift from low to high calcium blood levels. Hyperparathyroidism is diagnosed and classified by evaluating calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone levels and, in the case of sHPT, evaluating the underlying disease (e.g., creatinine in chronic kidney disease). Surgery is the primary treatment option for symptomatic patients and asymptomatic patients who meet certain criteria. Patients who are not surgical candidates are managed with either calcimimetics or, if osteoporosis is present, bisphosphonates. In sHPT, treatment of the underlying disease is the focus.
All forms of hyperparathyroidism are characterized by elevated PTH levels.
1.Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT): Hypercalcemia results from abnormally active parathyroid glands.
2.Secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT): Hypocalcemia results in reactive overproduction of PTH.
3.Tertiary hyperparathyroidism (tHPT): Hypercalcemia results from untreated sHPT, with continuously elevated PTH levels.#hyperparathyroidism
#hyperparathyroidismpathology #hyperparathyroidismusmle #hyperparathydoidismpathophysiology #hyperparathyroidismdiagnosis #hyperparathyroidismtreatment #hyperparathyroidismneetpg
