The spring of 1969 marked the apex of the Vietnam War, with U.S. troop strength peaking at 550,000. President Richard Nixon initiated troop withdrawal and "Vietnamization" but intensified bombing. The Paris Peace Agreement of 1973, seemingly concluding U.S. military involvement, proved symbolic as the communists violated the cease-fire. By 1974, full-scale war resumed, resulting in 80,000 South Vietnamese casualties. On April 30, 1975, as Saigon fell, the last Americans were airlifted. North Vietnamese Colonel Bui Tin emphasized unity among Vietnamese, declaring only the Americans had been defeated. The Vietnam War, the longest and most unpopular in U.S. history, claimed 58,000 American lives and two million Vietnamese casualties.
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