Dr. Manishika Jain explains NCERT Class 11 History Theme 9: The Industrial Revolution | CBSE | English | UPSC | AP World History
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The term ‘Industrial Revolution’ was used by European scholars – Georges Michelet in France and Friedrich Engels in Germany. It was used for the first time in English by the philosopher and economist Arnold Toynbee (1852-83) – during reign of George III, to escribe the changes that occurred in British industrial development between 1760 and 1820.
Toynbee’s lecture -Lectures on the Industrial Revolution in England: Popular Addresses, Notes and Other Fragments
T.S. Ashton, Paul Mantoux and Eric Hobsbawm, broadly agreed with Toynbee. Ashton (1889-1968) celebrated the Industrial Revolution, when England was ‘swept by a wave of gadgets’.


Iron is drawn out from ore as pure liquid metal by a process called smelting
charcoal was too fragile to transport across long distances; its impurities produced poor-quality iron; it was in short supply as forest must be destroyed & not generate high temperature
Abraham Darby – brought about a revolution in the metallurgical industry
first Abraham Darby - blast furnace that would use coke, which could generate high temperatures; coke was derived from coal by removing the sulphur and impurities – led to finer and larger castings
The second Darby (1711-68) developed wrought-iron (which was less brittle) from pig-iron.
Henry Cort (1740-1823) designed the puddling furnace (in which molten iron could be rid of impurities) and the rolling mill, which used steam power to roll purified iron into bars – more durable, burn and splinter
In the 1770s, John Wilkinson (1728-1808) made the first iron chairs, vats for breweries and distilleries, and iron pipes of all sizes. Iron for water pipes in Paris
In 1779, the third Darby (1750-91) built the first iron bridge in the world, in Coalbrookdale, spanning the river Severn (later Ironbridge area)


Britain was lucky in possessing excellent coking coal and high-grade iron ore in the same basins or even the same seams.
coalfields were near the coast, shipbuilding increased, as did the shipping trade.
The British iron industry quadrupled its output between 1800 and 1830, and its product was the cheapest in Europe. In 1820, a ton of pig iron needed 8 tons of coal to make it, but by 1850 it could be produced by using only 2 tons. By 1848, Britain was smelting more iron than the rest of the world put together

Chapters:
0:00 NCERT Class 11 World History Theme 9: Industrial Revolution
0:13 Industrial Revolution
2:15 European Scholars
3:36 Why Britain?
8:52 4 Major Transformations
9:39 Coal & Iron
18:28 Cotton
22:56 Steam Power
27:59 Canals
30:12 Railways
32:41 Story of Inventors
36:06 Changing Lives
38:52 Child Labour & Extent
40:37 Protest Movements
41:39 Combination Acts
44:07 Forms of Protest
49:22 Reforms & Issues in Enforcement
53:04 Real Debate: Industrial Revolution
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