MD PhD Walter Willett:
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DAIRY CONTAINS AT LEAST TWO TRANSGLUTAMINASE SUBSTRATES: CASEIN AND LACTALBUMIN:
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Casein is a very good substrate of the transglutaminase catalyzed crosslinking reaction (Simpson 2012).
Casein is a known TG2 (tissue transglutaminase) substrate (Forsprecher 2011).
Casein is a well-known substrate for factor XIIIa (plasma transglutaminase) (Huff 1999).
CASEIN: THE BEST TRANSGLUTAMINASE SUBSTRATE?:
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Casein is a very good substrate of the transglutaminase catalyzed crosslinking reaction (Simpson 2012).
Casein is a known TG2 (tissue transglutaminase) substrate (Forsprecher 2011).
Casein is a well-known substrate for factor XIIIa (plasma transglutaminase) (Huff 1999).
Færgemand and Qvist and Lorenzen and colleagues reported that caseins in general are good substrates for transglutaminase (Monogioudi 2010).
The rate of cross-linking by TGase depends on the macromolecular structure of each protein substrate; the open conformation of the casein makes them good substrates (Osullivan 2001).
The synthetic pentadecapeptide Ser-Val-Leu-Ser-Leu-Ser-Gln-
Ser-Lys-Val-Leu-Pro-Val-Pro-Glu, corresponding in sequence to residues 161 through 175 of Beta-casein has proven to be an excellent substrate for amine incorporation with both human plasma factor XIIIa and guinea pig liver transglutaminase (Gorman 1984).
Transglutaminase acyl donor sites in the four individual bovine caseins were determined. Purified caseins labeled with a radioactive site-specific probe in a guinea pig liver transglutaminase-catalyzed reaction were subjected to enzymatic digestion followed by reversed-phase HPLC separation of the resulting peptides. By a combination of sequence and mass spectrometric analysis of the major radioactive fractions, the following TG-reactive glutamine residues were found: αs1-casein, Gln13, Gln108, Gln130, and Gln140; αs2-casein, Gln79, Gln169, Gln185, and Gln187; β-casein, Gln54, Gln56, Gln72, Gln79, and Gln182; κ-casein, Gln29, Gln45, Gln114, and Gln163. In addition, an intra- or intermolecular cross-link between Gln45 and each of two adjacent lysine residues, Lys21 and Lys24 in monomeric κ-casein, was identified (Christensen 1996).
Casein forms abundant oligomers after TG2 incubation (Forsprecher 2011).
TRANSGLUTAMINASES AND BONES:
In vitro work on transglutaminases TG2 and FXIII-A has strongly suggested them to have a role in bone formation (Mousa 2017).
We provide new evidence via additional skeletal phenotyping that TG2 and FXIII-A do have a synergistic function in the maintenance of bone mass (Mousa 2017).
This is the first report to identify TGs in the regulation of bone remodeling and in balancing bone cell activity (Mousa 2017).
BONES ANG GLUTEN:
The prevalence of celiac disease in osteoporosis is high enough to justify a recommendation for serologic screening of all patients with osteoporosis for celiac disease (Stenson 2005).
Osteoporosis and low bone mass often affect North American adults with celiac disease, whether or not they are on dietary therapy. Routine screening for osteoporosis is indicated in patients with celiac disease (Meyer 2001).
FRACTURES:
Clinically diagnosed celiac disease and bone fractures co-occur
and that celiac disease was associated with an increased risk of hip fractures as well as fractures in general. Further research would be needed to determine whether unrecognized celiac disease is associated with the risk of bone fractures (Heikkilä 2015).
Celiac Disease (CD) is independently associated with reduced BMD in children and adults aged ≥18 years and is an independent risk factor of osteoporotic fractures in men aged ≥40 years (Kamycheva 2017).
Gluten-Free Diet for Osteoporosis? If You Have Osteoporosis, You May Have Celiac Disease and Not Know It!
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How Osteoporosis and Gluten Sensitivity are Linked
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