The working principle of vacuum freeze dryer refers to the process of removing water or other solvents from frozen biological products by sublimation. Sublimation refers to the process in which solvents such as water, like dry ice, change directly from solid to gaseous without passing through liquid state. The product obtained by freeze-drying is called lyophilizer, and the process is called lyophilization. Traditional drying causes material to shrink and destroy cells. The structure of the sample will not be destroyed during freeze-drying because the solid component is supported by the hard ice in its position. When ice sublimates, it leaves voids in the dry residue. This preserves the integrity of the biological and chemical structure and activity of the product.
In the laboratory, freeze-drying has many different uses, and it is indispensable in many biochemical and pharmaceutical applications. It is used to obtain long-term preservable biomaterials, such as microbial culture, enzymes, blood, and pharmaceuticals. Besides the stability of long-term preservation, it also retains its inherent biological activity and structure. To this end, freeze-drying is used to prepare tissue samples for structural studies, such as electron microscopy. Freeze-drying is also used in chemical analysis. It can obtain dried samples or concentrate samples to increase sensitivity. Freeze-drying can stabilize the composition of samples without changing the chemical composition. It is an ideal assistant method for analysis. Freeze drying can occur naturally. Naturally, this process is slow and unpredictable. Through the freeze-drying system, many steps have been improved and subdivided, which accelerates the process.
A basic freeze-drying system consists of a drying chamber or manifold; a vacuum system to overcome obstacles and speed up the flow of gas to provide energy by a heat source; and a cryogenic condenser to increase the vapor pressure difference and capture vapor to freeze it to avoid vapor contamination of the vacuum pump.
The freeze-drying process consists of three steps:
Pre-freeze and prepare samples for the next sublimation process.
Primary drying, in which ice sublimates without melting.
Secondary drying, in which the residual moisture of the bond and solid substance is removed, leaving the dried sample. This step is very important for the stability of the sample.
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