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A Hydraulic master cylinder is the most inevitable part of a Hydraulic brake system.

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The Hydraulic Brake Master Cylinder is the most inevitable part vehicle with a hydraulic brake system. This is one of the most efficient brake system currently employed in most vehicles.
The main components of hydraulic master cylinder are:
Casing.
Plunger.
Spring.
Valve stem.
Piston.
Working of hydraulic brake master cylinder:
As you can see in the fig: the casing of the master cylinder have two ports. One connected to the reservoir and other towards brake piston. The brake pedal is connected to the masted cylinder through some external links and the movement of the pedal will be reflected on the plunger.
The plunger is linked with he spring and the valve stem. One end of the valve stem is locked to the plunger and the other end to the spring.
Stage 1 (brake is applied): As the operator/ driver applied the brake the brake pedal moves to wards the master cylinder and the plunger moves through the bore of the master cylinder to its rear by pushing the valve stem and the spring. The rear end of the valve string is connected to the valve stem which acts as a piston. So as we move the brake pedal, it closes the reservoir port which is located to the end of the brake master cylinder. As the plunger further moves the pressured fluid move to the brake piston housing resulting in the movement of the brake piston there by the brake is applied.
Stage 2 (brake pedal released): When the brake pedal is released, the plunger moves back there by reducing the pressure applied to the brake piston, resulting on the brake release.

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