The Francis turbine is one of the most widely used turbines in hydropower stations around the world. It is a type of reaction turbine specifically designed for high-head installations, where there is a significant drop in water level, typically greater than 30 meters.

Here's how a Francis turbine works in a hydropower station:

Water Intake: A dam or a diversion structure is built to capture the water from a river or reservoir. The water is directed through intake gates or tunnels into the penstock, a large pipe that carries the water to the turbine.

Penstock: The penstock is a pipe that maintains a high-pressure flow of water. It leads the water from the intake to the turbine, ensuring a continuous and controlled water supply.

Guide Vanes: As the water enters the turbine, it passes through a series of guide vanes, also known as wicket gates. These vanes are adjustable and control the flow and direction of the water onto the turbine blades. By adjusting the guide vanes, the operator can regulate the amount of water entering the turbine, allowing for optimal efficiency and power output.

Runner: The water, now directed by the guide vanes, strikes the runner of the Francis turbine. The runner consists of a series of curved blades attached to a central hub. The water flow causes the runner to rotate.

Conversion of Energy: The rotating runner converts the kinetic energy of the water into mechanical energy as it spins. The mechanical energy is transferred to a shaft connected to the runner, which is then connected to a generator.

Generator: The rotating shaft from the turbine spins the generator, which consists of a rotor and stator. The mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy through electromagnetic induction. The generator produces the electrical power that is then transmitted to the power grid.

Tailrace: After passing through the turbine, the water exits through the draft tube and flows into the tailrace, which is a channel that returns the water to the river or reservoir downstream of the hydropower station.

The efficiency and performance of a Francis turbine depend on factors such as the head (the height difference between the water source and turbine), flow rate, and design parameters. The design of the Francis turbine allows for a wide range of operating conditions, making it suitable for various hydropower installations with medium to high heads.





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