1. DNA Sequencing Pioneer: Sanger sequencing, also known as chain termination sequencing, is a method for determining the order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule. It was developed by British biochemist Frederick Sanger, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry twice (in 1958 and 1980) for his contributions to the field of DNA sequencing.
2. Chain Termination Method: Sanger sequencing relies on the incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) during DNA synthesis. These ddNTPs lack the 3' hydroxyl group required for the formation of the phosphodiester bond with the next nucleotide. As a result, when a ddNTP is incorporated, DNA synthesis stops, producing fragments of different lengths.
3. Gel Electrophoresis and Reading Sequence: After DNA synthesis is terminated using ddNTPs, the resulting fragments are separated by size using gel electrophoresis. The fragments are then visualized and read in order of increasing length. By comparing the positions of the terminated fragments with a reference ladder, scientists can determine the sequence of the original DNA template.


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