The emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) is the largest of all penguin species. It spends its entire life in the coldest region on Earth and is the only known animal to breed during the harsh Antarctic winter.

After laying a single egg, the female passes it to the male, who rolls it onto his feet and covers it with a fold of skin to keep it warm. For the next two months, males press together in the winter gales, until the females return to feed the chicks when they hatch. The males, who have not eaten all this time (they lose up to 50% of their weight), then set off to feed. Once they have regained strength, they return to resume parental duties.

During courtship, the male and female penguins trumpet loudly to each other, thus learning each other’s call (They recognize each other amidst breeding colonies that consist of up to 40,000 penguins because of their calls). Emperor penguins typically use both sides of their syrinx simultaneously, producing vocalizations using ‘two-voices’. In the videos I have seen, calls of adult penguins mostly consisted of two-voice vocalizations using three different intervals: M2, m3, M3. In contrast, those of the chicks consisted of single voices outlining numerous intervals: m3, M3, P4, TT, P5, m6.

Transcription: @AlexanderLiebermann
Video: @Anare Safari, @Baksteen Jans

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