Prosthetic valve endocarditis is a life-threatening situation and often can be refractory to medical therapy, requiring surgical intervention. Indications for surgery in prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) include:
1. Persistent bacteremia after 7-10 days
2. Heart failure
3. Early prosthetic valve endocarditis
4. Fungal endocarditis
5. Paravalvular leak.
6. Annular or aortic abscess
7. True or false aneurysm
8. Fistula formation
9. New onset conduction disturbance
10. Recurrent peripheral embolization despite therapy
