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Below is the outline of the slides used in the lesson:

Western Europe in the Medieval Period
Collapse of the Roman World
Fall of Rome in 476CE
Roman legions and bureaucrats called back to Rome for its last defense
Division of the empire into western and eastern halves
Continuity of Roman Empire in Byzantium (east) until 1453CE
Collapse of the Roman World
Latin—Roman language, continuity—became the "Romance Languages"—Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian
Roman Catholic Church—centralized church power in Rome
Collapse of the Roman World
Power Vacuum—a sudden loss of centralized political and military power—anarchy!
Vikings—raiders from Scandinavia, STEM: longboats, raided monasteries and small cities/villages
Rising illiteracy, violence, starvation—The Dark Ages
Medieval Politics
Fuedalism
Chain of Being
Manorialism
ron-tipped plows, Three-Field System
African wheat, alfalfa (for horses) from Persia, horse collar possibly imported from China or locally developed
Charles Martel, The Hammer
Charlemagne (Charles the Great)
Charlemagne crowned "Holy Roman Emperor" by the Pope
Reorganization of Europe: The Magna Carta
King John of England
Limited Government—the first step to modern democracy
Three Estates—represented by parliament—the church, the nobles, and city leaders
Reorganization of Europe: Economic Changes
Movement of people into cities
Less serfdom under large crop surpluses and some early urban manufacturing
Reorganization of Europe: Economic Reforms
Continued breakdown of manorialism and the freeing of serfs
Banking—Jews could loan money at interest—forbidden to Christians
Later relaxation of anti-usury (loaning money at interest) laws in places like the Netherlands and Italy
Banking=Credit=Investment
Paper money and centralized coinage—allowed for easier trade over long distances
Reorganization of Europe: Economic Reforms
Continued low involvement of government in economics
Guilds—organizations of workers—e.g. butchers, bakers, and candlestick makers—who controlled who could make what and what would be charged
Reorganization of Europe: Religious Reforms
Investiture controversy—conflict between Pope Gregory VII and the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over whether the Pope or the Emperor would choose bishops
This was a conflict over the Separation of Church and State
Reorganization of Europe: Religious Reforms
Rational versus Mystic—Peter Abelard and Bernard of Clairvaux debated reason versus mystery
Early conflict between reason and faith and man's ability to know God versus the need for faith
Scholasticism
European Expansionism and the Crusades
Memories of lost Roman greatness
Fears of Muslim domination
Pope Urban II—called for the First Crusade, 1095CE, to expel Muslims from The Holy Land
The Crusades lasted for two centuries and had very little lasting impact on Muslim politics and power
Large impacts on European trade, economies, politics, and STEM knowledge, but no long-term gain of power in The Holy Land
Medieval Art
Gothic art and architecture
Epic literature
Almost entirely religious
Medieval Climate Changes
General warming trend during the late Medieval period
Spread of disease
Improvements in agricultural production
Expansion of intensive agriculture northward
The Black Death
Labor Shortage
Crossbows and gunpowder—threats to nobility's cavalry
The Long-Term Impact of Medieval Europe
Growing expansionism
Limited government, early rule of law, and parliaments
Growing separation of church and state
Banking and investments
Urbanization (shift into cities from the country)

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