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Ventilation & Perfusion : Respiratory Physiology USMLE Step 1

Ventilation and perfusion are two important concepts related to the respiratory system and the transport of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) in the body.

Ventilation refers to the process of breathing, which involves the movement of air in and out of the lungs. During inhalation, air enters the lungs and fills the alveoli (the tiny air sacs in the lungs), where gas exchange occurs between the air and the blood. During exhalation, the air is expelled from the lungs.

Perfusion refers to the circulation of blood through the capillaries in the lungs. Oxygen-depleted blood from the body travels through the pulmonary arteries and enters the capillaries surrounding the alveoli. Oxygen from the air diffuses across the alveolar membrane and into the capillaries, where it binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells. At the same time, carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli and is exhaled.

The matching of ventilation and perfusion is important for efficient gas exchange. When there is a mismatch between the two, such as in lung diseases like asthma or emphysema, or in conditions like pulmonary embolism, where blood flow to the lungs is obstructed, gas exchange can be impaired, leading to low oxygen levels in the blood and other complications.

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